{"id":4048,"date":"2016-01-27T21:42:54","date_gmt":"2016-01-28T02:42:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.updcolombia.com\/?page_id=4048"},"modified":"2022-10-01T17:54:30","modified_gmt":"2022-10-01T22:54:30","slug":"desarrollo-sostenible","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.updcolombia.com\/en\/desarrollo-sostenible\/","title":{"rendered":"Sustainable Development"},"content":{"rendered":"<style id=\"kb-rowlayout_584f03-46\">#kt-layout-id_584f03-46{background-image:url('https:\/\/www.updcolombia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Parque-Tayrona-1.jpg');background-size:cover;background-position:53% 46%;background-attachment:scroll;background-repeat:no-repeat;}#kt-layout-id_584f03-46 > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-top:130px;padding-bottom:192px;max-width:900px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}#kt-layout-id_584f03-46 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.00;background-image:linear-gradient(90deg, #00b5e2 0%, #1c809a 100%);mix-blend-mode:overlay;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-rowlayout alignfull\"><div id=\"kt-layout-id_584f03-46\" class=\"kt-row-layout-inner kt-row-has-bg kt-layout-id_584f03-46\"><div class=\"kt-row-layout-overlay kt-row-overlay-gradient\"><\/div><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-gutter-default kt-v-gutter-default kt-row-valign-top kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-m-colapse-left-to-right kt-mobile-layout-row\"><style id=\"kb-column_3df01d-25\">.wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column_3df01d-25 > .kt-inside-inner-col{margin-top:9px;}.kadence-column_3df01d-25{text-align:center;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column inner-column-1 kadence-column_3df01d-25 kb-section-dir-vertical\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style id=\"kb-advancedheading_5d858a-f8\">#kt-adv-heading_5d858a-f8, #kt-adv-heading_5d858a-f8 .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading_5d858a-f8[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading_5d858a-f8\"], .kadence-advanced-heading-wrapper .kt-adv-heading_5d858a-f8[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading_5d858a-f8\"]{text-align:center;font-size:3.6em;line-height:1.3em;font-weight:800;font-family:Montserrat;color:#ffffff;}#kt-adv-heading_5d858a-f8 mark, #kt-adv-heading_5d858a-f8 .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading mark, .kt-adv-heading_5d858a-f8[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading_5d858a-f8\"] mark{padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;}<\/style>\n<h1 class=\"kt-adv-heading_5d858a-f8 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading_5d858a-f8\">Sustainable Development<\/h1>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style id=\"kb-spacer_0ea097-ba\">.wp-block-kadence-spacer.kt-block-spacer-_0ea097-ba .kt-block-spacer{height:21px;}.wp-block-kadence-spacer.kt-block-spacer-_0ea097-ba .kt-divider{width:80%;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-spacer aligncenter kt-block-spacer-_0ea097-ba\"><div class=\"kt-block-spacer kt-block-spacer-halign-center\"><hr class=\"kt-divider\"\/><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style id=\"kb-advancedheading_336415-d0\">#kt-adv-heading_336415-d0, #kt-adv-heading_336415-d0 .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading_336415-d0[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading_336415-d0\"], .kadence-advanced-heading-wrapper .kt-adv-heading_336415-d0[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading_336415-d0\"]{text-align:center;}<\/style>\n<h2 class=\"kt-adv-heading_336415-d0 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading_336415-d0\">Territorial Context and Activities<\/h2>\n\n\n<style id=\"kb-spacer_cca4f6-03\">.wp-block-kadence-spacer.kt-block-spacer-_cca4f6-03 .kt-block-spacer{height:31px;}.wp-block-kadence-spacer.kt-block-spacer-_cca4f6-03 .kt-divider{width:80%;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-spacer aligncenter kt-block-spacer-_cca4f6-03\"><div class=\"kt-block-spacer kt-block-spacer-halign-center\"><hr class=\"kt-divider\"\/><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"kt-adv-heading_a5cf26-f8 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading_a5cf26-f8\">The UPD mission for Sustainable Development is to promote a reconciliation between the territorial development needs and the proper management of its habitats and natural resources, elaborating productive projects that guarantee the sustainability and at the same time the needs of gender inclusion and meeting basic needs, through shared strategies with communities and stakeholders. The UPD&#8217;s sustainable development activities focus on productive projects fostering inclusive human development that fosters education and professionalism, colaborating with public and business stakeholders to maximize outcomes in terms of sustainability, employability and productivity.<\/p>\n\n\n<style id=\"kb-spacer_d8a22d-65\">.wp-block-kadence-spacer.kt-block-spacer-_d8a22d-65 .kt-block-spacer{height:27px;}.wp-block-kadence-spacer.kt-block-spacer-_d8a22d-65 .kt-divider{width:80%;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-spacer aligncenter kt-block-spacer-_d8a22d-65\"><div class=\"kt-block-spacer kt-block-spacer-halign-center\"><hr class=\"kt-divider\"\/><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style id=\"kb-tabs_30ac95-cb\">.kt-tabs-id_30ac95-cb > .kt-tabs-content-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-tab {border-width:1px 0px 0px 0px;border-color:#eeeeee;background:#ffffff;}.wp-block-kadence-tabs .kt-tabs-id_30ac95-cb > .kt-tabs-title-list li {margin:0px 8px 0px 0px;}.wp-block-kadence-tabs .kt-tabs-id_30ac95-cb > .kt-tabs-title-list li .kt-tab-title, .wp-block-kadence-tabs .kt-tabs-id_30ac95-cb > .kt-tabs-content-wrap > .kt-tabs-accordion-title .kt-tab-title {font-size:1.1em;line-height:1.4em;border-width:0px 0px 4px 0px ;border-radius:4px 4px 0px 0px ;padding:8px 20px 8px 20px ;border-color:#ffffff;color:#555555;background:#ffffff;}.wp-block-kadence-tabs .kt-tabs-id_30ac95-cb > .kt-tabs-title-list li .kt-tab-title:hover, .wp-block-kadence-tabs .kt-tabs-id_30ac95-cb > .kt-tabs-content-wrap > .kt-tabs-accordion-title .kt-tab-title:hover {border-color:#eeeeee;color:#555555;background:#ffffff;}.wp-block-kadence-tabs .kt-tabs-id_30ac95-cb > .kt-tabs-title-list li.kt-tab-title-active .kt-tab-title, .wp-block-kadence-tabs .kt-tabs-id_30ac95-cb > .kt-tabs-content-wrap > .kt-tabs-accordion-title.kt-tab-title-active .kt-tab-title  {border-color:#0a6689;color:#0a6689;background:#ffffff;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-tabs alignnone\"><div class=\"kt-tabs-wrap kt-tabs-id_30ac95-cb kt-tabs-has-4-tabs kt-active-tab-4 kt-tabs-layout-tabs kt-tabs-tablet-layout-inherit kt-tabs-mobile-layout-inherit kt-tab-alignment-center \" style=\"max-width:none\"><ul class=\"kt-tabs-title-list\"><li id=\"tab-colombia\" class=\"kt-title-item kt-title-item-1 kt-tabs-svg-show-always kt-tabs-icon-side-right kt-tab-title-inactive\"><a href=\"#tab-colombia\" data-tab=\"1\" class=\"kt-tab-title kt-tab-title-1 \"><span class=\"kt-title-text\">Colombia<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"tab-caribbeanregion\" class=\"kt-title-item kt-title-item-2 kt-tabs-svg-show-always kt-tabs-icon-side-right kt-tab-title-inactive\"><a href=\"#tab-caribbeanregion\" data-tab=\"2\" class=\"kt-tab-title kt-tab-title-2 \"><span class=\"kt-title-text\">Caribbean Region<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"tab-activities\" class=\"kt-title-item kt-title-item-3 kt-tabs-svg-show-always kt-tabs-icon-side-right kt-tab-title-inactive\"><a href=\"#tab-activities\" data-tab=\"3\" class=\"kt-tab-title kt-tab-title-3 \"><span class=\"kt-title-text\">Activities<\/span><\/a><\/li><li id=\"tab-articles\" class=\"kt-title-item kt-title-item-4 kt-tabs-svg-show-always kt-tabs-icon-side-right kt-tab-title-active\"><a href=\"#tab-articles\" data-tab=\"4\" class=\"kt-tab-title kt-tab-title-4 \"><span class=\"kt-title-text\">Articles<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"kt-tabs-content-wrap\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-tab kt-tab-inner-content kt-inner-tab-1 kt-inner-tab_7c4838-ef\"><div class=\"kt-tab-inner-content-inner\">\n<h5><strong>Context<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Sources<\/strong>: <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bancomundial.org\/es\/country\/colombia\/overview\">World Bank<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oecd.org\/countries\/colombia\/colombia-debe-cuidar-el-medio-ambiente-para-asegurar-un-crecimiento-economico-sostenible-ocde.htm\">OCDE<\/a>, <\/strong><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.co.undp.org\/content\/dam\/colombia\/docs\/ODM\/undp-co-ODSColombiaVSWS-2016.pdf\">UNDP<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dnp.gov.co\/programas\/desarrollo-social\/Paginas\/desarrollo-social.aspx\">DNP \u2013 Desarrollo Social<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/colaboracion.dnp.gov.co\/CDT\/PND\/7C.%20Cap%C3%ADtulo%20VI.pdf\">Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2010-2014<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Economy<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2015, Colombia remained among the rapid growth countries in the region, thanks to effective macroeconomic and fiscal management. However, the country was affected by the global economic slowdown and the lower oil prices, so its economic growth went from 4.6 percent in 2014 to 3.1 percent in 2015. The slowdown was mainly due to the extractive sector , while services remained the main driver of growth. Agriculture and manufacturing began to recover by the end of the year. On the demand side, household consumption continued to drive economic activity, while government consumption and investment slowed and exports fell.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Unemployment reached a record low in 2015 (8.9 percent), following major reforms to reduce non-wage labor costs and despite the slowdown in economic activity. Fiscal management remains strong, as demonstrated by compliance with the fiscal rule first instituted in 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Environment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Colombia&#8217;s rich natural heritage &#8211; close to 55% of Colombia&#8217;s territory is covered by forests, the second of the world&#8217;s most biodiverse countries &#8211; is under increasing pressure due to extractive industries, cattle breeding, urbanization and use of cars, according to the&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.oecd.org\/countries\/colombia\/colombia-debe-cuidar-el-medio-ambiente-para-asegurar-un-crecimiento-economico-sostenible-ocde.htm\">OECD.<\/a>&nbsp;The Increasing of the extraction of non-renewable natural resources is driving economic growth. However, it is also one of the main causes of soil and water pollution, the degradation of sensitive ecosystems and serious human health damage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Colombia is highly vulnerable to extreme weather events, so slash-and-burn agriculture, artificial drainage of wetlands, changes in natural river courses, and construction of villages and towns in areas prone to flooding and landslides will increase the risks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Although it is true that greater economic growth has contributed significantly to improving the Colombians&#8217; income and well-being in the last decades, it has also been accompanied by a marked environmental deterioration and accentuation of problems such as deforestation, loss of biodiversity and water and air pollution (DNP, 2007: 6). It is found, for example, that 85% of Colombia&#8217;s productive systems are located in areas vulnerable to desertification, and 48% of the country is susceptible to erosion. These factors degrade approximately 2,000 hectares per year in the Andean region and affect the competitiveness of the agricultural sector, the availability of food, and the quality and quantity of water. Likewise, it is estimated that environmental degradation in Colombia represents losses equivalent to 3.7% of GDP (World Bank, 2007: 118). Similarly, the chemicals used in production processes cause water, air and food contamination, creating significant risks to public health, productivity and ecosystems. One sector that deserves special attention in producing environmental deterioration despite recent efforts to control it, is mining. Although legislation prohibits commercial activities in areas of environmental importance, compliance with these rules has been limited and, in many cases, informal mining activity has generated serious environmental consequences, especially in the use and use of water resources . Likewise, the environmental liabilities associated with legal mining have not been quantified in economic and social terms, nor internalized, nor are there specific sources of financing for their recovery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Poverty<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the case of Latin America and the Caribbean, significant progress has been made in recent years in the fight against poverty and extreme poverty, which is evidenced by the decrease of approximately 16 percentage points in the incidence of the poverty rate and in 7 percentage points the incidence of extreme poverty between 2002 and 2014. Thanks to these advances, Colombia ranks fifth in poverty reduction in the region and fourth in extreme poverty reduction, contributing with 6&#8217;600.000 people which have ceased to be poor and 3&#8217;500,000 who have ceased to be extremely poor in the last decade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Colombia has deep territorial and population inequalities in the fight against poverty. For example, the bulk of poverty in the country is concentrated in high-income departments. Antioquia, Valle del Cauca and Bogot\u00e1 contribute about 50% of national income, but account for about 25% of poverty. This fact is probably caused by the high population concentration, partly due to the displacement of the vulnerable population seeking better opportunities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For the Colombian case, it is possible to argue that violence is the most important poverty trap. Various academic papers have shown that the armed conflict has subtracted between 0.3 and 0.5 percentage points per year to the economic growth of the country. A study conducted by the Center for Conflict Analysis (CERAC) reveals that, in a situation of conflict, Colombia&#8217;s Gross Domestic Product doubles every two decades. In the absence of conflict, however, the time it would take the economy to grow 100% would be only 10 years. This means that in the last 50 years the country has lost nearly 30 years of value-added production because of the conflict.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Education<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Receiving a quality education is a right that all Colombian children and young people have, irrespective of their social, economic, geographical or ethnic status. However, this right enshrined in the National Constitution of 1991 (Articles 44 and 67) and claimed by the General Education Act of 1994, is still only partly covered in Colombia. Individuals with low education are more vulnerable to situations of marginalization and poverty, and the results of the PISA (2012) tests placed Colombia in 62th place among the 65 countries that present it in the world. The distribution of human capital in the population determines the composition and wages in the labor market, which largely determines the distribution of income. That is why it is necessary to ensure that all Colombians have access to quality education, equitable social security and solidarity, to enter the labor market &#8211; promoting formalization or supporting entrepreneurship &#8211; and to effective social promotion mechanisms.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-tab kt-tab-inner-content kt-inner-tab-2 kt-inner-tab_9fb2a9-33\"><div class=\"kt-tab-inner-content-inner\">\n<h5><strong>Context<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Sources: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.banrep.gov.co\/sites\/default\/files\/publicaciones\/archivos\/eser_53_caribe_2013.pdf\">Composici\u00f3n de la Econom\u00eda de La Regi\u00f3n Caribe de Colombia<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com.co\/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=2&amp;cad=rja&amp;uact=8&amp;ved=0ahUKEwirwPGIkLjSAhWGQiYKHbovB28QFgglMAE&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ocaribe.org%2Fdescargar_archivo.php%3Fid%3D62&amp;usg=AFQjCNGvu5-3m0nLi__YmDX0pktBmGEZZQ\">PER Caribe<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/colaboracion.dnp.gov.co\/CDT\/Desarrollo%20Territorial\/A.%20Caribe%20pr%C3%B3spero,%20equitativo%20y%20sin%20pobreza%20extrema.pdf\">Caribe prospero, equitativo y sin pobreza extrema<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Economy<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The economic structure of the Caribbean region is varied, including agriculture (maize, cassava, yams, bananas and palm), livestock (for meat and milk), mining, industry, tourism and shipping. Agricultural and industrial activities have lost relative weight in the last two decades, while mining and services have registered important changes that have allowed it to gain higher shares in national production. The industry is concentrated in Barranquilla and Cartagena, it low-diversified (food and beverages, chemicals, nonmetallic minerals and plastics) and is scarcely linked to mining and agriculture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The energy and mining activity grew strongly in the last decade, both in the country and in the Caribbean region, in the latter mainly driven by the exploitation of coal, lignite coal and peat in the departments of Cesar and La Guajira, which on annual average contributed with 73.1% of the mining activity in the region.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On the other hand, the extraction of natural gas is fundamental in regional GDP and is accounted for with the exploitation of oil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The tertiary sector is comprised of commerce, transportation and communications, business services and social services. This sector is developed mainly in large urban centers, since these have the infrastructure and the necessary conditions for its operation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2010 the population represented 21.4% of the total of Colombians and the gross domestic product contributed 15.1% of the total country. This last one grew in the last decade 4,1% in average annual rate equal to the one registered in the national order.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Tourism<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tourism is a great potential activity in the region due to the exuberant natural beauty and cultural richness of the Caribbean and the historical, highlighting Cartagena, Santa Marta and San Andr\u00e9s as the cities with the largest participation of visitors. Cartagena has the most important hotel industry, natural, heritage and cultural attractions, such as monumental military buildings and colonial architecture, in 1985, UNESCO declared it a Cultural and Historical Patrimony of Humanity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Santa Marta became one of the main destinations in Colombia thanks to archaeological sites such as Pueblito, Ciudad Perdida and the petroglyphs of Donama, El Morro, Sierra Nevada, Quinta de San Pedro Alejandrino and the Cathedral and was declared by UNESCO as Reserve of the Biosphere and Patrimony of the Humanity in the year of 1979.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The wide diversity of ecosystems and landscapes of the Caribbean region has made tourism one of the most important productive bets in all departments of the region (PER Caribbean, 2013). Production in the commerce, restaurants and hotels sector accounts for 11% of regional GDP (DANE, 2014).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Despite the richness and productive potential of the region, its low levels of competitiveness and the low sophistication of the productive sectors in general, have a negative impact on the generation of jobs and the creation of new companies outside the capital cities. Currently, regional industry is concentrated in Barranquilla and Cartagena, and is scarcely linked to other sectors and territories in the south of the region (PER Caribbean, 2013).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Poverty<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Caribbean region experiences an even more unfortunate situation than the rest of the country, as approximately 50% of its inhabitants are poor, while 17% live in extreme poverty (DANE, 2013). Despite the challenges, the Caribbean region has progressed in the fight against poverty in a sustained way. Between 2010-2013, monetary poverty in the region fell by 10 percentage points, from 53.8% to 43.5%, while extreme poverty fell from 18.9% to 12.5%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Caribbean region presents one of the most worrisome records in the multidimensional poverty index (MPI) &#8211; 37.4% in 2013 (DANE, 2013) &#8211; and in food security and infant mortality: 58.5% of the households are food insecure (ENSIN, 2010), which has resulted in high infant mortality rates. In fact, 70.8% of the municipalities in the region are below their benchmark in this indicator, with the most notable being the indigenous population of Chimila (Magdalena), Yukpa (Cesar) and Wayu\u00fa (La Guajira);<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Environment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In environmental terms, the continental zone of the Caribbean region has two biosphere reserves, the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta and the Cienaga Grande of Santa Marta, and areas of environmental importance and high biological diversity such as the wetland systems of La Mojana and the Momposina depression wetland system. This natural wealth is highly exposed to various threats from human activities. The Caribbean concentrates 83% of the country&#8217;s high desertification, equivalent to 24.1% of its territory (own DNP calculations based on IDEAM 2010 data), especially due to the pressure of overgrazing, deforestation, some natural processes and artisanal, illegal and industrial mining. Likewise, increases in sea level and climate variability have generated high coastal erosion in the region, with an estimated 25% of the territory&#8217;s beaches being affected by this phenomenon (Invemar, 2013 p.37).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In addition to the lags in aqueduct and sewer coverage, the Colombian Caribbean faces a high and very high vulnerability in 76.8% of its territory and the lack of quality water for human consumption due to the contamination of the channels that cross its territory and the depletion of groundwater sources due to the lack of protection, overexploitation and lack of knowledge of the water resource, which makes it difficult to maintain the water supply and negatively impacts the health of the inhabitants of the region, especially the children.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Education<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the education sector there are significant inequalities in secondary education coverage: this inequality is strongly observed in the department of La Guajira, where average gross coverage is 43.91% and net coverage is 19.95%, considerably lower to the national average (MEN, 2013). On the other hand, for the illiteracy rate of over 15 years, 88.8% of the municipalities have a breach (175 municipalities), with a concentration of 18.2% in La Guajira, the highest in the region . Likewise, 79.7% of the municipalities had lags in the results of the math tests (157 municipalities) (DNP, 2014).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-tab kt-tab-inner-content kt-inner-tab-3 kt-inner-tab_5093e3-76\"><div class=\"kt-tab-inner-content-inner\">\n<h5>Development training program<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Within the framework for the empowerment of development actors, the UPD shares available free places in its courses and trainings. Free places are available for volunteers and staff members of organizations whose work has shown the need for professionalism in the areas of development planning, project design, project management, monitoring and evaluation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The training of the stakeholders focuses on strengthening the skills necessary for the preparation of studies and presentation of project proposals. The strengthening of analytical capacities is essential to evaluate the development potential of the communities analysed, to understand their problems and to identify the best development program that can benefit the community. In this way the development can be achieved with a bottom-up approach, analyzing the problems of the communities and generating an autonomous process of identification and solution of the problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The training of NGOs and community organizations is necessary for a proficous collaboration in international projects, where the requirements in terms of project management and monitoring and evaluation are very rigid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As part of the Training for Development program, in 2016 UPD provided free training for 9 students of the University of Magdalena&#8217;s anthropology faculty and 11 officials from:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Association of Entrepreneurs of Magdalena, Ecologa Foundation, Pro-Sierra Nevada Foundation of Santa Marta, SENA, Casa Indegena Santa Marta, Raices Italo-Colombianas Foundation, FUNDEHUMAC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5>Final Evaluation Introductory Course in Community Development Planning and Management<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3 December 2015 &#8211; 27 January 2016, Universidad del Magdalena<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The first introductory course in Project Management and Community Development sought to strengthen students&#8217; skills in project identification, formulation, implementation and evaluation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The first module (THE STRUCTURE OF THE PROJECT AND ITS LOGIC) sought to strengthen the students&#8217; vision towards the understanding of sustainable development policies, which is the logic that must be managed to understand the project impact and the ways to finance it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The second module (METHODOLOGIES AND TOOLS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROJECT) focused its attention on the project management of the information and the analysis necessary to elaborate a project proposal. This part of the course explained the importance of contact and involvement with stakeholders and beneficiaries of the project.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The third module (PROJECT EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT) offered skills to manage a development project (relations with the consortium, stakeholders and funding institutions). In this part of the course, the students understood how to justify the objectives that were established for the project. The students understood the importance of establishing strategies matching the beneficiaries aims and the importance of finding shared motivations with stakeholders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The practical module, finally, aimed at training the implementation of the concepts and methodologies of analysis and involvement of stakeholders and beneficiaries. At the field trip to the indigenous settlement of El Encanto students were grouped into different teams to collect different information to understand the contextual environment in which the project has to be organized. The groups, led by an expert, tried to identify the motivations, problems and objectives of different categories of beneficiaries and stakeholders:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The &#8220;mamo&#8221; and the authorities<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Indigenous women<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Stakeholders (peasants living around the indigenous settlement)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A team of students took care of coordinating the activities and controlling the other groups.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The course ended by delivering an elaboration made by the students, based on the field work and search and management of information conducted in the laboratories, to explain, justify or motivate a part of the project.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-tab kt-tab-inner-content kt-inner-tab-4 kt-inner-tab_f78a6a-dc\"><div class=\"kt-tab-inner-content-inner\">\n<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.updcolombia.com\/en\/la-resistenza-di-cali\/\">La Resistenza di Cali<\/a><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Publicado en 14 May 2021 por <a href=\"https:\/\/www.updcolombia.com\/en\/author\/matteo\/\">Matteo Bellinzas<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.updcolombia.com\/en\/category\/derechos-humanos\/\">Derechos Humanos<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fonte della foto: Tembolres ONG \u201cGuardia, forza! per la mia razza, per la mia terra!\u201d, \u00e8 uno dei nuovi slogan simbolo della rivolta sociale riesplosa in Colombia: l\u2019inno della Guardia Indigena del Cauca viene cantato non pi\u00fa solo a Cali, ma nel resto del paese e a Bogot\u00e0. La Guardia Indigena del Cauca (la Minga<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.updcolombia.com\/en\/la-resistenza-di-cali\/\">leggi di pi\u00f9<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.updcolombia.com\/en\/italiano-aggiornamento-sul-paro-nacional-8-maggio-2021\/\">(Italiano) Aggiornamento sul Paro Nacional \u2013 8 maggio 2021<\/a><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Publicado en 8 May 2021 por <a href=\"https:\/\/www.updcolombia.com\/en\/author\/matteo\/\">Matteo Bellinzas<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.updcolombia.com\/en\/category\/derechos-humanos\/\">Derechos Humanos<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sorry, this entry is only available in Italian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.updcolombia.com\/en\/italiano-aggiornamento-sul-paro-nacional-8-maggio-2021\/\">leggi di pi\u00f9<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.updcolombia.com\/en\/italiano-colombia-adesso\/\">(Italiano) Colombia, adesso<\/a><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Publicado en 5 May 2021 por <a href=\"https:\/\/www.updcolombia.com\/en\/author\/matteo\/\">Matteo Bellinzas<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.updcolombia.com\/en\/category\/derechos-humanos\/\">Derechos Humanos<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sorry, this entry is only available in Italian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.updcolombia.com\/en\/italiano-colombia-adesso\/\">leggi di pi\u00f9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style id=\"kb-spacer_9a2839-1c\">.wp-block-kadence-spacer.kt-block-spacer-_9a2839-1c .kt-block-spacer{height:34px;}.wp-block-kadence-spacer.kt-block-spacer-_9a2839-1c .kt-divider{width:80%;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-spacer aligncenter kt-block-spacer-_9a2839-1c\"><div class=\"kt-block-spacer kt-block-spacer-halign-center\"><hr class=\"kt-divider\"\/><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"kt-adv-heading_fc1823-36 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading_fc1823-36\">Socioeconomic Context of the Colombian Caribbean Region<\/h2>\n\n\n<style id=\"kb-spacer_c27a35-53\">.wp-block-kadence-spacer.kt-block-spacer-_c27a35-53 .kt-block-spacer{height:23px;}.wp-block-kadence-spacer.kt-block-spacer-_c27a35-53 .kt-divider{width:80%;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-spacer aligncenter kt-block-spacer-_c27a35-53\"><div class=\"kt-block-spacer kt-block-spacer-halign-center\"><hr class=\"kt-divider\"\/><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"kt-adv-heading_77c1ed-1b wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading_77c1ed-1b\">Departaments of Atlantico, Bolivar, La Guajira y Magdalena<\/h3>\n\n\n<style id=\"kb-accordion_5651f5-44\">.kt-accordion-id_5651f5-44 .kt-accordion-panel-inner {background:#ffffff;border-width:0px 0px 0px 0px;}.kt-accordion-id_5651f5-44 .wp-block-kadence-pane .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header {color:#555555;background:#f2f2f2;border-color:#555555 #555555 #555555 #555555;font-size:18px;line-height:24px;border-radius:6px 6px 6px 6px;border-width:0px 0px 0px 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.kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id_5651f5-44:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before, .kt-accordion-id_5651f5-44:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id_5651f5-44:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before {background:#eeeeee;}.kt-accordion-id_5651f5-44 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active {color:#ffffff;background:#f3690e;border-color:#f3690e #f3690e #f3690e #f3690e;}.kt-accordion-id_5651f5-44:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id_5651f5-44:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before {background:#ffffff;}.kt-accordion-id_5651f5-44:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger {background:#ffffff;}.kt-accordion-id_5651f5-44:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id_5651f5-44:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before {background:#f3690e;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-accordion alignnone\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-wrap kt-accordion-wrap kt-accordion-id_5651f5-44 kt-accordion-has-4-panes kt-active-pane-0 kt-accordion-block kt-pane-header-alignment-left kt-accodion-icon-style-basic kt-accodion-icon-side-right\" style=\"max-width:none\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-inner-wrap\" data-allow-multiple-open=\"false\" data-start-open=\"0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-1 kt-pane_28a4a7-f3\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Atlantico<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<h5><strong>Socio-economic context in Atl\u00e1ntico<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Sources: <\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.atlantico.gov.co\/images\/stories\/plan_desarrollo\/plan_de_desarrollo_2016_2016_definitivo.pdf\"><strong>Plan de Desarrollo del Atlantico<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to the DANE, the Department of the Atlantico had 2,166,156 inhabitants in 2005, while in 2016 it had 2,489,709, showing a net increase of 323,553 people, which in percentage terms is equivalent to 14.93%. The population is concentrated in the urban headquarters of the department, in which 95% is located, representing a total of 2,367,139 inhabitants, while in the rural territories there are 124,586 people. At the same time, the distribution of the urban population in the department shows a significant spatial asymmetry, since in the metropolitan region of Barranquilla (Soledad, Malambo, Galapa, Puerto Colombia and Barranquilla) 2,050,127 inhabitants of the Atlantic are concentrated. In Barranquilla and Soledad reside the mojority of population, 1,855,981 people (90.53%), and 9.47% in the three remaining municipalities, which can be explained by the economic dynamics and services present in these two large urban centers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5>Economic context<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>By 2015, the business sector is dynamic in the Atlantico Department, with a continuous increase of enterprises and investments in Science, Technology and Innovation. The unemployment rate remains one point below the national average (7.6% vs. 8.7% national) and the contribution to GDP continues to grow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5>The Agricultural Sector<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>The 56.3% of the departmental territory shows an agricultural activities vocation (186,535 hectares): cassava, maize, sorghum, rice, palm and fruit trees such as guava, mango and lemon. As for traditional crops, despite constituting the economic base of most of the peasants of the Department, little or no technique and inputs are used in their exploitation, since it is done artisanally and on a small scale. Among these crops, maize, cassava, sorghum, melon, ahuyama, sesame, millo, pigeon peas, plums, papaya, vegetables, yams and pl\u00e1ta stand out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The livestock activity appears in growth and with a high index of associativity that supports the development of the cattle sector. Milk production (average of 185,000 liters of milk per day) continues to increase and a significant cold chain is highlighted for the commercialization of milk production, facilitated by good connectivity in the primary and secondary road network.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, despite the recent recovery trend, the performance of the agricultural sector has been unfavorable in recent years. This phenomenon is expressed, among other aspects, in very low growth rates, which were even negative in some years and in the reduction of harvested area and rural employment. In this sense the territory shows a differentiated vocation and with different potentials. Considering the results of the forest zoning study of the Department of the Atlantico (2007), there are 220,000 hectares, of which 80,000 in suitable lands, 90,000 moderately suitable and 50,000 hectares marginally suitable for reforestation with timber and fruit trees. In addition, at least 70% of the land presents a conflict of use due to overuse, underutilization or inappropriate use, predominantly the use of agricultural soils used in extensive livestock, while a part of the land dedicated to crops is out of the land with an agricultural vocation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5>Fisheries and Aquaculture Sector<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Although the department has a large amount of water resources, the exploitation of these is very precarious, despite the existing high potentials. The department currently has approximately 30,000 hectares occupied with water zones, in which there is no fishery structured activity: volumes of fish catches are low due to rudimentary systems and in many cases caught using unsuitable and destructive methods; the production chain is equally disjointed, the collection centers are insufficient, there is no specialized transport and the marketing system is deficient.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5>Tourism<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>The Atlantic department is rich in natural settings. It has four coastal municipalities, Puerto Colombia, Tubara, Juan de Acosta and Pioj\u00f3, in front of the Caribbean Sea, with great tourist potential and whose beaches have become a recreation site for the inhabitants of Barranquilla and the nearby municipalities. However, there are still many kilometers of beaches with potential and those that are used do not have the right conditions to provide a good service to the tourist due to environmental problems and the deterioration of them due to coastal erosion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Within the tourist offer to be explored there is a varied natural wealth consisting of water zones, conservation areas important for the diversity of flora and fauna, natural trails and landscape both coastal and important heights as in Pioj\u00f3, which provides conditions to develop ecotourism, water sports, hiking, viewpoints and tourist inns. For its proper use, this natural wealth must be protected from threats due to lack of eco-tourism planning policies, monitoring of natural conservation areas and low valuation and awareness of citizens towards natural attractions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the Atlantico there are no statistics on the competitiveness of the tourism sector due to the scarce infrastructure of basic services and specialized infrastructure in the municipalities; In addition, only 32 providers of tourist services are registered in the National Tourism Registry, of which 30% do not function as such, which concludes that the competitiveness of the sector is under competitive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5>Industry<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>In the department of the Atlantico, according to the source of the Departmental Accounts-DANE in 2014 (provisional), the analysis of the GDP Gross Domestic Product shares individuates that 81.8% of economic production was mainly driven by five major branches of economic activity, led by financial institutions, insurance, real estate and services to companies with a share of 19.4 %, followed by social, communal and personal services with 16.8%, manufacturing industry with 13.9%, commerce, repair, restaurants and hotels with 12.9% and construction with 10.9%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5>Public Services<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>The Department of Atl\u00e1ntico has a high percentage of coverage of the electric power service, reaching a total of 99%. All municipal head offices and all corregimientos have the service<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The department in the last 10 years has shown significant advances in the provision of drinking water and basic sanitation services. The Department has safe and reliable surface water sources (Magdalena River and Canal del Dique mainly) that guarantee the provision of aqueduct service for current demand and capacity expansion to meet future demand, with the exception of the municipality of Luruaco, which has the a body of water that has been presenting a decrease in the level and deterioration of quality. Most of the aqueduct systems in the rural area are supplied through deep wells that mostly do not have treatment systems, but with disinfection systems only.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The coverage of the aqueduct service in the municipal head offices and the rural nucleated area are high: 98.86% and 94.6%, respectively. However, there are still low levels of quality, frequency and continuity in this service, both in the urban area and in the rural area.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5>Poverty<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>The poverty levels in the Atlantico Department measured by Unsatisfied Basic Needs show a significant deterioration in the living conditions of a large part of the population &#8211; but from that in the metropolitan region of Barranquilla, which has the lowest indicator of populated centers &#8211; especially to the high indexes of municipalities such as Campo de la Cruz, Candelaria, Luruaco, Manat\u00ed, Pioj\u00f3, Ponedera, Repel\u00f3n, Sabanagrande, Santa Luc\u00eda, Su\u00e1n and Usiacur\u00ed, located above 40%. It should be noted that for municipalities in the Southern Cone of the Atlantic the measurement of 2012 could be influenced by the effects of the flooding process suffered by this portion of the departmental territory, which undoubtedly had a direct and dramatic impact on the living conditions of the inhabitants of the municipalities located there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the department of Atlantico there are different communities in vulnerable conditions: they are groups of the population that, by their characteristics of thought and lifestyle, constitute a front with equal rights, and duties, within society, as is the case of LGBTI population. Respect for diversity in these represented is based on the principle of equality and non-discrimination, equally applicable to children, the gender approach and the rights of women, young people, the elderly, those with disabilities, indigenous peoples and Afro-Colombian community.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With respect to the victims of the armed conflict, the year 2015 registered a decrease in the dynamics of violence caused by the armed conflict in the country, generating a segment of the population that demands special attention. It is estimated that 217,480 victims of the armed conflict are recognized in the Atlantic Department, of which 89% (193,900) belong to the victimizing event due to forced displacement. In addition, the Atlantico remains the recipient of the population that is the victim of violence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>High levels of malnutrition and food insecurity are identified in the Atlantico. According to the National Nutrition Situation Survey of Colombia (ENSIN 2010), 15.5% of children under 5 years of age have age-related delays as a result of chronic malnutrition. This circumstance places the department of Atlantico above the national average, which is 13.2%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5>Education<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>The Department, in its twenty non-certified municipalities, has a school-age population of 113,688 students between the ages of 5 and 16, of which 5,786 are out of school. Although the Department has high rates of gross coverage in basic primary and secondary, it has not yet reached 100% in transition, nor on average. Regarding the net coverage rates, it is recognized that they are low by levels, but the value of this indicator changes to 94.4% (2015) for consolidated terms, which is high in comparison with the national average. The levels that require greater effort to increase net coverage are transition and average. As for the coverage rates by zones, it is evident that progress has been made in closing the gaps between urban and rural areas; in 2011 the difference between gross rural and urban coverage was 10 points and to 2015 the difference is only two points, reflecting that there is room for manouvre for access to official education in the countryside and in cities. In internal efficiency indicators, there is also a constant improvement in the indicators, especially in the average dropout rate, which fell from 4.3% to 2.1% between 2011 and 2015.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-2 kt-pane_9675df-67\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Bolivar<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<h5><strong>Contesto socio economico Bolivar<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Fuentes: <\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bolivar.gov.co\/index.php\/gobierno-transparente\/planes-de-desarrollo\/bolivar-si-avanza-gobierno-de-resultados-2016-2019\"><strong>Plan de Desarrollo Bolivar<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Contexto econ\u00f3mico<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Indicadores del mercado laboral en el Departamento evidencian que desde 2010 el desempleo en Cartagena ha descendido, ubic\u00e1ndose en el periodo diciembre 2014\u2013 febrero 2015, en 8,4%. Por su parte, la informalidad laboral entre 2010 y 2014 disminuy\u00f3, ubic\u00e1ndose en ese \u00faltimo a\u00f1o en 72,6%, con mayor incidencia en las mujeres. De acuerdo con el DANE, el 72% de los hombres en edad de trabajar participa en el mercado laboral, mientras que las mujeres tienen una baja participaci\u00f3n (46%) en Bol\u00edvar. Los sectores productivos que se destacan en la generaci\u00f3n de empleo formal son: industrial (petroqu\u00edmico, minero-energ\u00e9tico y artesanal en San Jacinto), Servicios (turismo, log\u00edstica y transporte), comercio y agropecuario, especialmente en el Sur del Departamento. Igualmente, el comercio, turismo y agricultura son generadores de empleo informal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dentro de las principales problem\u00e1ticas identificadas en cuanto a la empleabilidad en Bol\u00edvar se encuentran: (i) Alta informalidad empresarial y laboral, (ii) Baja participaci\u00f3n femenina en el mercado laboral, (iii)&nbsp; Alta tasa de desempleo juvenil, (iv) Poca diversidad de oferentes de empleo, (v) Concentraci\u00f3n de la oferta laboral en Cartagena, (vi) Prevalencia del trabajo infantil en actividades agr\u00edcolas, mineras y de comercio, (vii) Limitadas estrategias en generaci\u00f3n de oportunidades de empleabilidad que impacten grupos poblacionales diferenciales, (viii) Bajo nivel de protecci\u00f3n social de los trabajadores en el sector rural y (ix) Deficiente formaci\u00f3n del trabajador rural en t\u00e9rminos de calidad y cobertura.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dentro del sector primariola agriculturaes una de las principales fuentes de producci\u00f3n de la econom\u00eda de Bol\u00edvar. De los 46 municipios, 45 basan su econom\u00eda en actividades agropecuarias. Solo el Distrito de Cartagena concentra su actividad productiva en el comercio y servicios, turismo, industria petroqu\u00edmica y construcci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Para el 2014 el DANE indica que el PIB del departamento representa el 3,8% del total de la producci\u00f3n del pa\u00eds. Al analizar la composici\u00f3n del PIB por ramas de la actividad econ\u00f3mica, la primera por importancia es la industria manufacturera (19%, concentr\u00e1ndose principalmente en Cartagena). A pesar de que los sectores de la Agricultura, ganader\u00eda, caza, silvicultura y pesca son la base de la estructura econ\u00f3mica del departamento, su participaci\u00f3n en el PIB total de Bol\u00edvar es en promedio 5% en los \u00faltimos cinco a\u00f1os, creciendo a una tasa promedio de 2,5% en el mismo periodo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La agricultura bolivarense est\u00e1 enmarcada en un sistema productivo tradicional de peque\u00f1os y medianos productores. El sector ganadero se basa en una explotaci\u00f3n de baja productividad, con deficiente acceso al capital de trabajo, bajos ingresos y dificultades en la comunicaci\u00f3n, lo que genera bajos niveles de competitividad. En cuanto al sector pesquero, el esquema de producci\u00f3n tambi\u00e9n es tradicional, \u00faltimamente caracterizada por la disminuci\u00f3n en captura, especialmente de las especies nativas de bocachico y bagres.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Industria<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En cuanto al sector industrial, la actividad se concentra principalmente en Cartagena, orientada b\u00e1sicamente a la petroqu\u00edmica y sus derivados. Se destacan la refiner\u00eda de petr\u00f3leo y la industria de pl\u00e1sticos, entre otras. En los dem\u00e1s municipios solo existen micro y peque\u00f1as empresas asociadas al sector primario. En menor escala se encuentran establecimientos industriales orientados a la metalmec\u00e1nica, alimentos y bebidas (gaseosas, l\u00e1cteos, aceites comestibles, transformaci\u00f3n de malta, bebidas alcoh\u00f3licas) y cementeras.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Por su parte, en Magangu\u00e9 la segunda ciudad del Departamento, se concentra una importante actividad agroindustrial basada en el procesamiento de la producci\u00f3n arrocera y lechera de la regi\u00f3n. Cifras preliminares del DANE para 2014, muestran que la producci\u00f3n industrial disminuy\u00f3 10 puntos porcentuales en ese a\u00f1o, lo que representa una disminuci\u00f3n importante en los \u00faltimos cinco a\u00f1os en Bol\u00edvar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La cadena productiva Petroqu\u00edmica-pl\u00e1stica es una de las m\u00e1s importantes en el departamento y est\u00e1 conformada por industrias dedicadas a las actividades de explotaci\u00f3n de gas y refinaci\u00f3n del crudo, la producci\u00f3n de materias primas petroqu\u00edmicas b\u00e1sicas, de insumos intermedios, y de producci\u00f3n de bienes transformados y finales de pl\u00e1sticos. Se encuentran adem\u00e1s, el cl\u00faster Turismo, Log\u00edstico-Portuario, Agroindustrial y Dise\u00f1o, Construcci\u00f3n y reparaci\u00f3n de embarcaciones navales, concentrados en Cartagena. Los encadenamientos productivos (cl\u00fasteres) en los municipios del departamento son escasos, por lo que las pocas empresas tienen m\u00ednima o escasa relaci\u00f3n con el desarrollo industrial de Cartagena.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tanto las importaciones como exportaciones de Bol\u00edvar est\u00e1n concentradas en Cartagena, debido a su ubicaci\u00f3n estrat\u00e9gica portuaria, por donde ingresa y sale gran parte de la mercanc\u00eda del pa\u00eds. No obstante, a pesar del comportamiento deficitario de su balanza comercial, Bol\u00edvar tiene un alto potencial exportador, especialmente en los sectores petroqu\u00edmico, pl\u00e1stico y fabricaci\u00f3n de alimentos. En efecto, las exportaciones totales del Departamento alcanzaron los US$2.031 millones FOB en 2014, de las cuales los subsectores Qu\u00edmicos industriales, refiner\u00eda de petr\u00f3leo, pl\u00e1sticos, fabricaci\u00f3n de productos alimenticios y derivados del petr\u00f3leo tienen la m\u00e1s alta participaci\u00f3n del valor total de las exportaciones de Bol\u00edvar (DIAN,2014).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Pobreza<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bol\u00edvar presenta una tasa de pobreza hist\u00f3ricamente m\u00e1s alta que el nivel nacional (12 puntos porcentuales en promedio). Bol\u00edvar es un departamento fuertemente golpeado por el conflicto armado dejando consecuencias de las que a\u00fan no se recupera, como desplazamientos, despojos, olvido del campo, donde la mayor actividad econ\u00f3mica y oportunidad de empleo se concentra en su capital, un departamento con una infraestructura deficiente, que padece los estragos del confinamiento territorial, afectado por los efectos del cambio clim\u00e1tico, por la concentraci\u00f3n de las riquezas, por un sistema educativo ineficiente, todo este panorama se conjuga con una cifra de pobreza que en 2014 equivale al 39,9% de la poblaci\u00f3n. El 72% de los municipios (33 de ellos) contaban con un indicador superior al departamental. Entre estos se destaca Santa Rosa, San Jacinto y el Carmen de Bol\u00edvar por ser los que cuentan con mayor porcentaje de personas en situaci\u00f3n de pobreza medida por NBI. Los que se encuentran en mejor situaci\u00f3n son San Crist\u00f3bal, Cartagena y Regidor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bol\u00edvar vive una de las m\u00e1s grandes contradicciones, es un departamento rico en producci\u00f3n agr\u00edcola, igualmente posee una riqueza h\u00eddrica y sin embargo presenta una cifra superior al 60% en inseguridad alimentaria, es decir que no ingieren por lo menos una de las tres raciones de alimentaci\u00f3n diaria requerida.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Servicios Publicos<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En el a\u00f1o 2012, el sector de agua potable y saneamiento b\u00e1sico en el Departamento de Bol\u00edvar arrastraba un rezago hist\u00f3rico con algunos de los peores indicadores de cobertura y calidad de agua del pa\u00eds debido a que se encontraban en un 36.15% y 32,42% respectivamente. En 2015 este escenario es completamente diferente gracias a la construcci\u00f3n de nuevos acueductos, el Servicio de Agua Potable tiene en las cabeceras municipales una cobertura de 91 %.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>De acuerdo a cifras oficiales de la Secretar\u00eda de H\u00e1bitat departamental, en materia de cobertura de Agua Potable en las zonas rurales de Bol\u00edvar las cifras no son alentadoras debido a que esta solo alcanza un 35% y a 2016 hay un total de 232 corregimientos sin acueducto y una poblaci\u00f3n de 115.824 habitantes sin acceso a este servicio. Por otra parte, el Departamento de Bol\u00edvar cuenta con \u00edndice de riesgo de calidad de agua (IRCA) en un promedio general de 33% (riesgo medio, dato a julio de 2015), seg\u00fan las pruebas realizadas por la Direcci\u00f3n de Vigilancia en Salud de la Secretar\u00eda de Salud Departamental y analizadas por el Sistema de Vigilancia del \u00cdndice de Calidad de Agua Potable (Sivicap) del Instituto Nacional de Salud.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Educaci\u00f3n<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En Bol\u00edvar se ha logrado en los \u00faltimos a\u00f1os amplios avances en el tema de cobertura escolar. Sin embargo,la cobertura total neta de la educaci\u00f3n escolar est\u00e1 todav\u00eda en el 78%: la cobertura preescolar (49,8%) muy baja impacta directamente en las capacidades futuras de los ni\u00f1os al ingresar a la primaria, cerca de la mitad de la poblaci\u00f3n (59,8%) que deber\u00eda estar cursando b\u00e1sica secundaria se encuentra fuera del sistema educativo mientras la mayor parte de la poblaci\u00f3n que deber\u00eda estar cursando educaci\u00f3n media se encuentra fuera del sistema educativo (28,9% la cobertura neta).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-3 kt-pane_4e4e22-df\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">La Guajira<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<h5><strong>Contexto socioecon\u00f3mico La Guajira<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Fuentes: <\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.camaraguajira.org\/publicaciones\/informes\/informe-socio-economico-la-guajira-2015.pdf\"><strong>Informe Socioecon\u00f3mico Departamento de La Guajira<\/strong><\/a><strong>, <\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.laguajira.gov.co\/web\/attachments\/old\/2156_Plan%20de%20Desarrollo%202014-2015%20Parte%20V.pdf\"><strong>Informe Gobernaci\u00f3n de La Guajira<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Contexto economico<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>De acuerdo a las observaciones del mercado laboral realizado por la Universidad de La Guajira, para el 2010 la poblaci\u00f3n total del Departamento fue de casi 819.000 habitantes, el 71% se encontraba en edad para trabajar, el 65,7% eran activos laboralmente, y el 34,3% restante corresponde a la poblaci\u00f3n econ\u00f3micamente inactiva; la tasa de desempleo observada fue del 9,2%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>De acuerdo con el informe socioecon\u00f3mico del Departamento de La Guajira con cierre a\u00f1o 2013 de la C\u00e1mara de Comercio de La Guajira, esta reporta que La Guajira en 2012 tuvo un crecimiento del 10%, impulsado principalmente por la explotaci\u00f3n de minas y canteras y por el sector de construcci\u00f3n. La balanza comercial de La Guajira fue positiva pero disminuy\u00f3 con respecto al 2011, a ra\u00edz de menores exportaciones y un aumento en las importaciones. El Producto Interno Bruto en La Guajira indica una alta dependencia de la miner\u00eda, donde esta para el a\u00f1o 2012 represento el 58.1%, mostrando una tendencia estable en el tiempo. Por el contrario, el sector agricultura, ganader\u00eda, caza, silvicultura y pesca se\u00f1ala una tendencia decreciente en el tiempo, es decir, el sector est\u00e1 perdiendo competitividad pasando de aportar un 354 8.02 al PIB Departamental en el a\u00f1o 2000, reducirse al 7% en el a\u00f1o 2005 y llegar en el a\u00f1o 2012 a aportar apenas el 3.8%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La industria manufactura por su parte es la menos representativa en el Departamento, se ha movido en el tiempo (periodo 2005 \u2013 2012) entre el 0.9 al 1.1% del PIN Departamental, lo que indica que es un sector que no arranca.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En La Guajira existe un proceso de exclusi\u00f3n productiva por falta de articulaci\u00f3n entre los actores del crecimiento econ\u00f3mico y su entorno, lo que fomenta la desigualdad, especialmente la inter\u00e9tnica. El Departamento ha sido dotado de riqueza minera que incluye yacimientos de carb\u00f3n, gas, caliza, yeso y otros recursos no renovables. Cuenta con una plataforma marina para la pesca y producci\u00f3n de sal, desafortunadamente, las explotaciones del carb\u00f3n y el gas han venido desarroll\u00e1ndose como simples enclaves extractivos. Al pa\u00eds le ha faltado visi\u00f3n para diversificar la producci\u00f3n con base en el carb\u00f3n y las empresas no han procurado articularse con su entorno econ\u00f3mico.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Miner\u00eca y megaproyectos<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>El 52,8% del producto interno bruto regional se origina en el sector de la miner\u00eda de gas y carb\u00f3n, que desde el a\u00f1o 2002 impulsan la tasa de crecimiento por encima de la nacional y lo cual determina la estructura econ\u00f3mica bajo un modelo productivo de base exportadora con explotaci\u00f3n de&nbsp; cuantiosos recursos financieros bajo la modalidad de regal\u00edas o compensaciones.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A estas restricciones hay que sumarle la baja dotaci\u00f3n de infraestructura p\u00fablica, como son los servicios de acueducto, alcantarillado, comunicaciones y movilidad. En la regi\u00f3n y en sus ciudades no se han producido las suficientes econom\u00edas de aglomeraci\u00f3n que permitan procesos de localizaci\u00f3n industrial relevantes. Sin embargo, muchos megaproyectos est\u00e1n programados, como la ampliaci\u00f3n de la producci\u00f3n y comercializaci\u00f3n de carb\u00f3n por parte de la empresa Cerrej\u00f3n LLC, la apertura de las minas de carb\u00f3n a cargo de CCX, la construcci\u00f3n de dos puertos en el municipio de Dibulla, la expansi\u00f3n de Puerto Bol\u00edvar en el municipio de Uribia, la ampliaci\u00f3n de los yacimientos gas\u00edferos y de los campos de generaci\u00f3n de energ\u00eda e\u00f3lica, as\u00ed como las obras p\u00fablicas asociadas a construcci\u00f3n de la infraestructura educativa, tur\u00edstica, deportiva y el Plan de Agua para la prosperidad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Sector Agropecuario<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En la \u00faltima d\u00e9cada el crecimiento del sector agropecuario ha estado rezagado frente al crecimiento de la econom\u00eda en su conjunto y por debajo de su potencial. El desarrollo hist\u00f3rico del PIB entre 1960 y 2005, muestra que el sector ha ido perdiendo participaci\u00f3n en el total de la producci\u00f3n regional. En 1960 era 39,6%, en 1975 fue 20,1% y en 2005 se redujo a6,1%. Parte de la explicaci\u00f3n, est\u00e1 en el avance relativo de la miner\u00eda de carb\u00f3n y en la violencia de los a\u00f1os noventa cuyas consecuencias son las65.184 personas desplazadas y tasas de homicidios que solo pudieron disminuir por debajo del promedio nacional, posterior al 2006. Durante ese per\u00edodo en La Guajira se ampl\u00eda la presencia de grupos irregularesarmados (guerrilla, paramilitares, delincuencia com\u00fan organizada y bandas emergentes) que demostraron poseer recursos, capacidad de planificaci\u00f3n y alternativas para su desarrollo y reproducci\u00f3n. Esta situaci\u00f3n ha hecho que la recuperaci\u00f3n del campo sea lenta, ya que en el 2009 solo se sembraron cerca de 33.961 hect\u00e1reas, los cultivos de caf\u00e9, ma\u00edz tradicional, yuca, arroz, algod\u00f3n, fr\u00edjol y sorgo fueron los m\u00e1s representativos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>El Departamento tiene cerca de 1.542.943 hect\u00e1reas para explotaci\u00f3n pecuaria, el 71,6% de ellas son de malezas y rastrojos. En la Alta y Media Guajira, predomina la cr\u00eda de ganado ovino (723.697 animales) y caprino (1.246.986 animales). La poblaci\u00f3n bovina (316.935 animales) es predominantemente de la raza ceb\u00fa-pardo y ceb\u00fa\u2013holstein.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Los productores del campo tienen una d\u00e9bil inclinaci\u00f3n hacia el sector hortofrut\u00edcola. El desarrollo institucional es bajo y la propensi\u00f3n para trabajar en red es precaria. No existe la suficiente capacidad t\u00e9cnica regional, limitando la utilizaci\u00f3n de paquetes tecnol\u00f3gicos que se pueden aplicar con un margen de confianza en la Baja Guajira, lo que repercute en la existencia de un diferencial productivo o brecha tecnol\u00f3gica frente a est\u00e1ndares determinados. Otra deficiencia del sector est\u00e1 en el uso de los factores de producci\u00f3n, particularmente la tierra y el agua, el bajo nivel de innovaci\u00f3n en los sistemas productivos, la baja formalizaci\u00f3n de la propiedad rural, la escasa productividad de la mano de obra rural y los altos costos de producci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Turismo<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La Guajira tiene inmensas oportunidades para ser un destino tur\u00edstico de clase mundial, oportunidades que se reflejan al ser parte explicita de pol\u00edticas sectoriales tur\u00edsticas. Por el lado de la oferta tur\u00edstica, el 72% de los establecimientos de turismo registrados en 2013 en el Registro Nacional de Turismo (RNT), corresponden a establecimientos de alojamiento y hospedaje y el 16% a agencias de viaje. En 2013 se registraron 40 establecimientos de alojamiento y hospedaje y se renovaron 79. En cuanto a la demanda, los turistas colombianos que visitan La Guajira, realizan los mayores gastos per c\u00e1pita diarios en transporte desde y hacia el departamento y en alimentos y bebidas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Una aproximaci\u00f3n del peso de la actividad tur\u00edstica dentro de una econom\u00eda, es el aporte de hoteles y restaurantes al PIB: en Colombia, la participaci\u00f3n de esta actividad en el PIB nacional fue de 2,2% en 2009, en promedio para los ocho departamentos de la regi\u00f3n Caribe fue de 5,8%, y en La Guajira del 1,4%, el m\u00e1s bajo de los ocho departamentos de la regi\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Pobreza<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En 2013, el 55,8% de personas evidenciaba una situaci\u00f3n de pobreza en el Departamento de La Guajira (58,4% en 2012) y el 25,7% una situaci\u00f3n de pobreza extrema (27,7% en 2012).El ingreso per c\u00e1pita promedio en el departamento fue de $289.467, superando solamente al Cauca y al Choc\u00f3, mientras en 2013 la l\u00ednea de pobreza en La Guajira fue de $185.533. De acuerdo con lo anterior, un hogar en La Guajira compuesto por 4 personas, ser\u00e1 clasificado como pobre si su ingreso est\u00e1 por debajo de $742.132, es decir, no alcanza para comprar la canasta de pobreza. De otro lado, la l\u00ednea de pobreza extrema en el 2013 fue de $87.630, es decir, que un hogar de 4 personas ser\u00e1 clasificado como pobre extremo si su ingreso est\u00e1 por debajo de $350.520.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Seg\u00fan el \u00edndice de Necesidades B\u00e1sicas Insatisfechas (NBI) en el 2013 el 71% de los hogares de La Guajira tienen d\u00e9ficit de vivienda, de estos el 54% habitan en viviendas con problemas cualitativos o susceptibles a ser mejorados. El 46% de los hogares en d\u00e9ficit, tienen d\u00e9ficit cuantitativo ya que las viviendas que habitan presentaron carencias habitacionales, en lo referente a estructura &#8211; paredes, cohabitaci\u00f3n y hacinamiento no mitigable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Educaci\u00f3n<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En el a\u00f1o 2010 solo el 89% de los ni\u00f1os y ni\u00f1as entre 0 y 5 a\u00f1os se encuentran vinculados a programas de educaci\u00f3n inicial. La tasa neta de cobertura escolar para educaci\u00f3n b\u00e1sica primaria en La Guajira registr\u00f3 un 75,0%, estando por encima del promedio nacional estimado en 61,8% mientras la tasa de deserci\u00f3n escolar inter-anual de transici\u00f3n a grado once en el a\u00f1o 2010 descendi\u00f3 del 4,31% en el a\u00f1o 2007 al 2,98% en el 2010. Disminuyeron tambi\u00e9n los estudiantes que repiten el a\u00f1o y mejor\u00f3 el puntaje promedio de las pruebas de educaci\u00f3n Saber 5.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-4 kt-pane_617949-ab\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Magdalena<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<h5><strong>Contexto socio econ\u00f3mico Magdalena<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Fuentes: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dane.gov.co\/files\/icer\/2014\/ICER_Magadalena2014.pdf\">ICER 2014<\/a><\/strong><strong>, <\/strong><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ccsm.org.co\/docs\/estudios-economicos\/Informe-Economico-de-la-Jurisdiccion-de-la-Camara-de-Comercio-de-Santa-Marta-para-el-Magdalena-2015.pdf\">Informe Econ\u00f3mico de la Jurisdicci\u00f3n &#8211; 2015<\/a><\/strong><strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/colaboracion.dnp.gov.co\/CDT\/Desarrollo%20Territorial\/VISION%20MAGDALENA.pdf\">Visi\u00f3n Magdalena 2032<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>El departamento del Magdalena est\u00e1 ubicado al norte del pa\u00eds, cuya capital es Santa Marta. Posee una extensi\u00f3n territorial de 23.188 Km2 (2% del territorio nacional) donde se distribuyen los treinta municipios que lo conforman. Tiene una poblaci\u00f3n, proyectada por el DANE para 2014 de 1.247.383 habitantes, equivalente al 2,62% de los habitantes del pa\u00eds. Seg\u00fan el DANE, En Santa Marta se ubican 476.272 personas, representando el 38,2% de la poblaci\u00f3n total del departamento, seguida de Ci\u00e9naga con el 8,3% (103.789 habitantes). El Magdalena participa con el 1,3% del Producto Interno Bruto del pa\u00eds, equivalente a 6.529 miles de millones de pesos en 2014 (Precios Constantes). Durante \u00e9ste per\u00edodo la tasa de crecimiento del PIB del departamento fue de 3.4%;en Santa Marta se concentra el 38,2% de la poblaci\u00f3n del departamento del Magdalena, seguida de ci\u00e9naga con el 8,3%, Zona Bananera (4,8%), Fundaci\u00f3n y Plato (4,6% cada uno) y el Banco con 4,4%. Estos cinco municipios tienen m\u00e1s de 50 mil habitantes; y en conjunto suman el 65% de la poblaci\u00f3n total. El 35% restante est\u00e1 repartido entre los otros 24 municipios que lo conforman.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Contexto economico<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>El sector primario en el departamento es caracterizado por su alta participaci\u00f3n en el PIB del Magdalena (18,8%) y buen crecimiento promedio anual entre 2001-2013 (1,0%), posicion\u00e1ndose como el segundo sector que m\u00e1s valor aport\u00f3 a la producci\u00f3n interna del departamento. Las actividades agropecuarias participaron en el PIB departamental con 13,8%, disminuido en 9,9 puntos percentuales con relaci\u00f3n a lo registrado en 2001. Seg\u00fan la Encuesta Nacional Agropecuaria del DANE, a 2013, la actividad agropecuaria se desarrolla en el 91,1% de la superficie del departamento, de los cuales el 86,0% est\u00e1 asignado a la ganader\u00eda y el 5,1% a la agricultura, especialmente de cultivos permanentes como palma de aceite, ma\u00edz tradicional y banano de exportaci\u00f3n; el resto corresponde a bosques (6,1%) y otros (2,8%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En cuanto al cultivo de caf\u00e9, la mayor expansi\u00f3n caficultora del departamento se aloja en la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, por poseer un clima apto para esta clase de cultivo. Otro producto de gran importancia en la econom\u00eda del departamento y en el sector agr\u00edcola es el banano.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La ganader\u00eda del Magdalena es una de las m\u00e1s antiguas de Am\u00e9rica, las zonas ganaderas de mayor producci\u00f3n en el departamento son los municipios de Ci\u00e9naga, Aracata, Sitio Nuevo, Pivijay, Ariguan\u00ed y Fundaci\u00f3n, siendo este \u00faltimo la zona en la que se concentra la mayor \u00e1rea dedicada a esta actividad y en donde se da la mayor producci\u00f3n, debido a la buena calidad de las tierras para el pastoreo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>El sector secundario aunque fue el de menor participaci\u00f3n en la composici\u00f3n del PIB departamental, fue el que m\u00e1s creci\u00f3 (7,0%). Dentro de este sector sobresalen las actividades industriales y manufactureras y la construcci\u00f3n, las cuales, en conjunto, participaron con 83,0%, siendo la segunda la de mayor representatividad desde el 2009.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>El sector terciario es el de mayor participaci\u00f3n en el PIB del departamento, llegando a abarcar un poco m\u00e1s de la mitad del valor agregado (57,7%) con un crecimiento promedio anual entre 2001-2013 de 4,0%. Dentro de este sector se destacan las actividades de comercio, hoteles, restaurantes, bares y similares, educaci\u00f3n de no mercado y administraci\u00f3n p\u00fablica, las cuales entre 2001-2013 obtuvieron una participaci\u00f3n promedio anual en conjunto de 47,4%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Turismo<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>El turismo se ha convertido en uno de los sectores con mayor proyecci\u00f3n a nivel internacional y Magdalena no es la excepci\u00f3n. En el departamento entre 2001 y 2013 las actividades de hoteles, bares, restaurantes y similares, incluidas dentro de este sector, mostraron en su orden un crecimiento y una participaci\u00f3n promedio anual de 4,5% y 7,0%. El n\u00famero de turistas nacionales y extranjeros en entrada a la ciudad de Santa Marta por v\u00eda a\u00e9rea entre 2009 y 2013 fue creciente, registrando a 2013 un total de 1.250.75825 personas, cifra superior en 132,1% a la reportada en 2009 y en 24,6% a la registrada en 2012. En 2013, Santa Marta particip\u00f3 en el pa\u00eds en la llegada y salida de viajeros (nacionales e internacionales) con el 3,2%, y en la regi\u00f3n Caribe con 13,3%, ocupando el cuarto lugar despu\u00e9s de Cartagena, Barranquilla y San Andr\u00e9s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En la ciudad de Santa Marta la infraestructura hotelera es variada, dotada de una amplia gama de hoteles que van desde los que poseen una infraestructura modesta hasta los hoteles cinco estrellas. En 2012, la tasa de ocupaci\u00f3n hotelera promedio anual de Santa Marta fue de 61,3%, superior a la del promedio nacional (54,1%) y a la de la regi\u00f3n Caribe (60,4%), posicion\u00e1ndose en el segundo lugar a nivel regional, antecedida por San Andr\u00e9s (63,4%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Pobreza<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Medida por el \u00cdndice de Necesidades B\u00e1sicas Insatisfechas (NBI), la pobreza en el departamento del Magdalena ha disminuido entre 1993 y 2013, aunque todav\u00eda se sit\u00faa en un promedio superior a la media nacional (47,68% con respeto al promedio nacional de 27,78%).De manera similar, la tasa de pobreza extrema de 22,8% se sit\u00faa muy lejos de la meta promedio nacional de 8,8%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Los datos reflejan una incidencia mayor de la pobreza en las \u00e1reas rurales que en las cabeceras: mientras las primeras tienen una tasa de NBI del 64,68%, en las segundas es de 40,08%. Adicionalmente, la poblaci\u00f3n en miseria por NBI asciende a un tercio de la poblaci\u00f3n rural y al 18,35% de la poblaci\u00f3n en cabeceras.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>El componente m\u00e1s incidente en la situaci\u00f3n de necesidades b\u00e1sicas insatisfechas es la calidad de la vivienda, seguido del hacinamiento de los miembros del hogar en la vivienda y la alta dependencia econ\u00f3mica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>El 51,8% de los hogares encuestados en el 2010 por el <a href=\"https:\/\/www.minsalud.gov.co\/sites\/rid\/Lists\/BibliotecaDigital\/RIDE\/VS\/ED\/GCFI\/Base%20de%20datos%20ENSIN%20-%20Protocolo%20Ensin%202010.pdf\">Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar<\/a> manifestaron sentirse en inseguridad alimentaria, mientras la tasa de desnutrici\u00f3n cr\u00f3nica (17%) aparece superior a la media nacional (12%), como la tasa de desnutrici\u00f3n global&nbsp; (10% frente al 7% nacional). Sin embargo, las muertes por desnutrici\u00f3n han descendido fuertemente desde 2005 cuando alcan- zaron su mayor pico, as\u00ed como tambi\u00e9n las relativas a malformaciones cong\u00e9nitas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Educaci\u00f3n<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En a\u00f1os de escolaridad, un 71,3% de la poblaci\u00f3n magdalenense cuenta con educaci\u00f3n secundaria&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; o de niveles inferiores, 74,8% si se considera la aprobaci\u00f3n de la media t\u00e9cnica y 75,1% el grado 13 de normalista; por su parte, un 15,6% no tiene nivel alguno de educaci\u00f3n y apenas un 7,8% ha estudiado educaci\u00f3n superior (incluyendo postgrado). Esto es un desempe\u00f1o muy malo si nos comparamos con Bogot\u00e1, donde la poblaci\u00f3n que manifest\u00f3 no tener nivel alguno de educaci\u00f3n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Servicios publicos<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En 2005 en el departamento, las condiciones higi\u00e9nicas de la vivienda aparec\u00ecan precarias:m\u00e1s de un 60% de las viviendas no cuentaba con un adecuado sistema de eliminaci\u00f3n de excretas, una cuarta parte de las viviendas no tiene servicio sanitario, mientras que un 36% no ten\u00eca inodoro conectado a pozo s\u00e9ptico. Aunque en la mayor\u00eda de las viviendas (57%) hay servicio de recolecci\u00f3n de basuras, exist\u00eca una proporci\u00f3n elevada (42,7%) en donde no se da un adecuado manejo de los residuos solidos. La cobertura de acueducto total en hogares del Magdalena es del 43% y el alcantarillado cubre al 38% de las viviendas, adem\u00e1s, un 23% de los hogares toman el agua de pozo, jag\u00fcey o aljibe, mientras que el restante 39% la toma de r\u00edo o quebrada, agua de lluvia, carro tanque, pila p\u00fablica o agua embotellada o bolsa.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sustainable Development Territorial Context and Activities The UPD mission for Sustainable Development is to promote a reconciliation between the territorial development needs and the proper management of its habitats and natural resources, elaborating productive projects that guarantee the sustainability and at the same time the needs of gender inclusion and meeting basic needs, through shared&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5013,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_kad_post_transparent":"disable","_kad_post_title":"hide","_kad_post_layout":"fullwidth","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false},"featured_image_src_large":["https:\/\/www.updcolombia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Parque-Tayrona-1.jpg",1024,473,false],"author_info":{"display_name":"Matteo Bellinzas","author_link":"https:\/\/www.updcolombia.com\/en\/author\/matteo\/"},"comment_info":0,"taxonomy_info":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.updcolombia.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4048"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.updcolombia.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.updcolombia.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.updcolombia.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.updcolombia.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4048"}],"version-history":[{"count":56,"href":"https:\/\/www.updcolombia.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4048\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6647,"href":"https:\/\/www.updcolombia.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4048\/revisions\/6647"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.updcolombia.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5013"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.updcolombia.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4048"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}